Винос поживних речовин як показник потреби плодових культур у мінеральному живленні

Abstract

UK: Показано результати досліджень щодо визначення розмірів господарського виносу азоту плодоносними деревами яблуні і груші за інтенсивних технологій вирощування садів. Доведено, що зважаючи на показники виносу азоту й рівень засвоєння деревами цього елементу з добрив, які не перевищують 20-52 кг/га та 14-22 % відповідно, високу здатність чорнозему південного до азотмінералізації та ризик забруднення довкілля нітратними сполуками, застосування в садах доз азоту вище N60 недоцільно. RU: Показаны результаты исследований относительно определения размеров хозяйственного выноса азота плодоносящими деревьями яблони и груши при интенсивных технологиях выращивания садов. Доказано, что учитывая показатели выноса азота и уровня усвоения деревьями этого элемента из удобрений, которые не превышают 25-52 кг/га и 14-22 % соответственно, высокую способность чернозема южного к азотминерализации и установленный риск загрязнения окружающей среды нитратными соединениями, использование в садах доз азота, которые превышают N60, нецелесообразно. EN: The studies are devoted to determining the features of nitrogen absorption and carry-over by intensive plantings of pome fruits in the conditions of the south of Ukraine and assessing the expediency of using these indicators to determine the needs of plants in mineral nutrition and to establish rational doses of fertilizers. It is proved that the size and structure of nitrogen carry-over by apple and pear trees, that is, the ratio between nitrogen carry-over of pruned tree and fruits, depends on the varietal features, the level of crop yields, as well as the doses, terms, methods of mineral fertilizers application. However, on average, the nitrogen carry-over rates of these crops under irrigated southern black soil do not exceed 25–52 kg N/ha, and the absorption rate of this element from mineral fertilizers is no more than 14–22%. It has also been shown in the research that, with the maximum doses of N90-120 fertilizer, nitrogen carry-over with pruned trees increases by 11-31% depending on the culture without significant increase in the planting yield according to smaller doses. In addition, the use of nitrogen at doses significantly exceeding its carry-over, the soil accumulated an excess of nitrate compounds beyond the location of the bulk of the trees root system on vegetative rootstocks. Their amount reached 17-35% of the total nitrogen supplied to the soil during the entire fertilizer application period. This can lead to both the increase in unproductive nitrogen loss, the reduction in fertilizer payback, and the increase of environmental stress in agrocenosis due to groundwater contamination by nitrates. Considering the abovementioned facts, as well as taking into account the ability of fruit cultures to re-utilize the nutrients from the vegetative organs, the complex processes of the nitrogenous fund transformation of irrigated southern black soil, in particular its ability to nitrogen mineralization, and the risk of environmental contamination with nitrate compounds, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers doses higher than N60 in intensive pome orchards in the south of Ukraine are not advisable in agronomic or environmental terms.